Swiss Gemmological Institute SSEF ^{R&D, hubs}

The Swiss Gemmological Institute, part of the Swiss Foundation for the Research of Gemstones (SSEF: Schweizerische Stiftung für Edelstein-Forschung) was founded by trade organisations (UBOS: Union de la Bijouterie et Orfèvrerie Suisse) in 1974 and works independently on a scientific basis.